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Penda (died 15 November 655)〔Manuscript A of the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' gives the year as 655. Bede also gives the year as 655 and specifies a date, 15 November. R. L. Poole (''Studies in Chronology and History'', 1934) put forward the theory that Bede began his year in September, and consequently November 655 would actually fall in 654; Frank Stenton also dated events accordingly in his ''Anglo-Saxon England'' (1943).1 Others have accepted Bede's given dates as meaning what they appear to mean, considering Bede's year to have begun on 25 December or 1 January (see S. Wood, 1983: "Bede's Northumbrian dates again"). The historian D. P. Kirby suggested the year 656 as a possibility, alongside 655, in case the dates given by Bede are off by one year (see Kirby's "Bede and Northumbrian Chronology", 1963). The ''Annales Cambriae'' gives the year as 657. (Annales Cambriae at Fordham University )〕 was a 7th-century King of Mercia, the Anglo-Saxon kingdom in what is today the English Midlands. A pagan at a time when Christianity was taking hold in many of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, Penda took over the Severn Valley in 628 following the Battle of Cirencester before participating in the defeat of the powerful Northumbrian king Edwin at the Battle of Hatfield Chase in 633.〔Bede gives the year of Hatfield as 633 (along with the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle''); if the theory that Bede's years began in September is employed (see Note 1), then October 633 would actually be in 632, and this dating has sometimes been observed by modern historians such as Stenton (see Note 8). Kirby suggested that the year may have actually been 634, accounting for the possibility that Bede's dates are one year early (see Note 1). Bede gives the specific date of Hatfield as 12 October; Manuscript E of the ''Chronicle'' (see Note 10) gives it as 14 October.〕 Nine years later, he defeated and killed Edwin's eventual successor, Oswald, at the Battle of Maserfield; from this point he was probably the most powerful of the Anglo-Saxon rulers of the time, laying the foundations for the Mercian supremacy over the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. He repeatedly defeated the East Angles and drove Cenwalh the king of Wessex into exile for three years. He continued to wage war against the Bernicians of Northumbria. Thirteen years after Maserfield, he suffered a crushing defeat by Oswald's successor and brother Oswiu, and was killed at the Battle of the Winwaed in the course of a final campaign against the Bernicians. == Etymology == The etymology of the name Penda is unknown. Penda of Mercia is the only monarch with this name, but a number of Mercian commoners with the same name are on record. Suggestions for etymologies of the name are essentially divided between a Celtic and a Germanic origin.〔John Rhys, 1901 ''Celtic Folklore Welsh and Manx,'' Vol.II, Oxford University Press, page 676〕〔P. Sims-Williams, ''Religion and Literature (Western England, 600–800 ),'' Cambridge 1990, page 26.〕 The names of members of a Northumbrian () brotherhood are recorded in the ninth century ''Liber vitae Dunelmensis,'' the name Penda occurs in this list and is categorised as a British (Welsh) name.〔Filppula ''et al.'', pages 125–126.〕 John T. Koch noted that, "Penda and a number of other royal names from early Anglian Mercia have more obvious Brythonic than German explanations, though they do not correspond to known Welsh names."〔''Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia'', ABC-CLIO, 2006ISBN 1851094407, 9781851094400, page. 60〕 These royal names include those of Penda's father Pybba, and of his son Peada. It has been suggested that the firm alliance between Penda and various British princes might be the result of a "racial cause."〔Wade-Evans p. 325〕 Continental Germanic comparanda for the name include a feminine ''Penta'' (9th century) and a toponym ''Penti-lingen'', suggesting an underlying personal name ''Pendi''.〔Notes and queries, Oxford Journals, 1920, p. 246.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Penda of Mercia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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